Observing newly emerged work stations through the lens of conscious design: Ankara-Saraçoğlu case

Abstract

Rapid technological development and evolving lifestyles are broadening and diversifying the concept of the workplace, challenging the dominance of the traditional office typology. Today’s “new generation” workspaces can take many forms: a corner of a living room, a library, or even a café. This study explores one such example, focusing on the research question: How can coffee-concept cafés serve as effective workspaces from a spatial perspective?

Within this context, six coffee-concept cafés established for public use as part of the Ankara Saraçoğlu Neighborhood Transformation Project were examined through observational methods. The research evaluates the general, design, and functional characteristics of these cafés in relation to the six fundamental spatial needs identified by Augustin¹ – control, attachment, restoration, activity support, familiarity, and communication.

Introduction

The COVID-19 pandemic, a global crisis that has profoundly affected all aspects of human life, prompted a widespread re-evaluation of existing habits and working models. One of the most significant shifts occurred in the sphere of business and employment. During the pandemic, many workplaces adopted short-term and remote working arrangements, and the idea of continuing remote work for part of the week became increasingly common.

This transition was particularly significant in large organizations, where employers sought to reduce costs related to services such as transportation and meals, while also enhancing employee motivation through flexible working conditions. For instance, a study conducted in Australian office buildings before, during, and after the pandemic found a threefold increase in the number of employees working fewer than 10 hours in the office, alongside a 62% decrease in those working more than 30 hours.² Similarly, research in Turkey revealed that adapting work design to remote practices led to positive psychological and behavioral outcomes, improving employees’ well-being and strengthening the relationship between work engagement and organizational identification during the COVID-19 period.³

The pandemic also raised concerns about the health implications of open-plan offices, where large groups of employees share the same workspace.⁴ Consequently, new discussions emerged around two key architectural questions: how homes could function effectively as workspaces, and what design principles should guide post-pandemic office environments.^5,6 Even after the pandemic subsided, many of the flexible and convenient remote working practices persisted, replacing traditional work habits with new, hybrid models.

Within this evolving context, this study investigates how “coffee-concept cafés,” as a form of new-generation workspace, can serve as effective work environments from a spatial perspective. The research is based on observational analysis of six coffee-concept cafés (n=6) located in Ankara’s Saraçoğlu Neighborhood, situated in the city center.

Flexible Working and New Generation Workstations

The concept of flexible working has gained prominence as a response to changing lifestyles and evolving user needs. Flexibility in spatial design refers to the ability of a space to adapt to diverse and shifting functional requirements. As Schneider and Till note, “There is a simplistic association of flexibility with progress: something that can move escapes the shackles of tradition; something that can be changed is forever new.”⁷

From the user’s perspective, flexibility can manifest in two ways: as a single space that supports multiple functions, or as the freedom to work in different environments depending on one’s motivation or mood. Supported by rapidly advancing technology, such flexibility has given rise to increasingly mobile working styles, enabling individuals to choose how and where they work – whether within different areas of a building, across varied environments, or even between cities and regions.⁸

Today, a well-designed café can serve as an ideal workspace, depending on an individual’s mood or motivation. Similarly, libraries function as accessible public work environments that cater to people of all ages. As free institutions, they enable long periods of focused work and provide valuable access to reading and research materials. Although many libraries include cafés or tea rooms, these food and beverage areas are typically separated from the main working zones.

Among private alternatives, coffee-concept cafés have become one of the most recognizable examples of contemporary workspaces. Their popularity may stem from the cultural association between coffee and productivity, as well as from their intentional design to support work activities. These cafés often feature comfortable seating, spacious tables, and ample power outlets for electronic devices such as laptops and tablets. Usually located in high-traffic urban areas, they attract individuals seeking accessible spaces that combine work, leisure, and social interaction. Those who spend extended time in such cafés are often younger adults, particularly students.⁹

A hybrid typology has also emerged in the form of library cafés, which blend the quiet focus of a library with the amenities of a café. These spaces typically allow customers to work in concentration-friendly environments in exchange for an entry fee or minimum purchase.

Finally, universities and university libraries continue to serve as traditional workplaces for undergraduate and graduate students, as well as academics. However, because these spaces are restricted to institutional members, their accessibility remains limited compared to public or commercial work environments.

Conscious Design

The concept of conscious design is rooted in the belief that cities should be aware of the motives, personalities, and moods of their inhabitants¹⁰ and foster places that demonstrate responsibility toward people, communities, and ecosystems.¹¹ Originating from the Conscious Cities Manifesto, it asserts that the built environment is inseparable from human health and well-being, and that design offers a powerful opportunity to positively shape everyday life.¹²

Palti and Bar envision conscious cities that adapt dynamically to human behavior and context—such as expanding pedestrian zones during low traffic or adjusting streetscapes for public events.¹⁰ They argue that data-driven, responsive urban systems can cultivate environments aligned with human needs and emotions, from stimulating curiosity on routes to schools to supporting social interaction in public spaces.

Achieving such cities also requires transforming existing environments rather than replacing them. Krupinski and Berggren-Tarrodi caution that widespread demolition undermines continuity and social trust, advocating instead for adaptive transformation that unifies fragmented spaces and restores urban identity.¹³

Given that many modern health issues are linked to the architecture of cities – including stress, inactivity, and poor diet¹⁴ -conscious cities emphasize well-being over efficiency, using technology to understand social behavior and enhance civic participation.¹⁵ Their realization depends on human-centered design, ensuring that urban environments respond to the psychophysiological needs of their users.

Human Needs

Spaces designed for people at any scale should meet six fundamental human needs according to Augustin¹: control, attachment, restoration, activity support, familiarity, and communication. These dimensions form the basis of environments that nurture cognitive, emotional, and social well-being.

Control refers to a person’s ability to influence their physical environment, adjusting factors such as lighting, temperature, or seating arrangements. However, research shows that excessive choice can sometimes reduce motivation and satisfaction.¹⁶ Designers must therefore understand users well enough to provide a balanced level of control—offering spatial flexibility while maintaining a sense of comfort and personal boundary.¹

Attachment describes the emotional bond people form with places through experiences, cultural meaning, and memory.¹⁷ Individuals tend to develop stronger attachments to environments that evoke positive associations or reflect personal and collective identity. Such emotional connections enhance psychological comfort and foster a sense of belonging.

Restoration involves spaces that enable mental and physiological recovery. Biophilic design elements – such as natural light, vegetation, and organic materials – are known to support this process. Studies show that environments incorporating multiple biophilic features can further improve cognitive performance and physiological well-being.¹⁸

Activity support refers to the alignment between space and the tasks performed within it. For example, spaces for mentally demanding work should be calm and focused, while those for lighter activities may benefit from more stimulating surroundings.¹

Familiarity plays a role in comfort and ease of use; people generally prefer environments that feel recognizable and predictable. However, familiarity should not lead to monotony; subtle variation helps maintain engagement.¹

Finally, communication reflects how spaces allow meaningful self-expression and social interaction. The way individuals display personal or cultural artifacts, or maintain preferred distances when communicating, conveys identity and social cues.¹

Case Study

Context

Ankara, the capital of Turkey, hosts a growing number of new-generation workplaces, supported by its universities, public and private sector institutions, and a large working population that includes many recent graduates. Comprising twenty-five districts, Ankara is the country’s second-largest city, with a population exceeding five million.

Within the city, the Kızılay district in Çankaya serves as a major urban hub, frequented daily by large numbers of residents and visitors due to its concentration of public institutions, retail centers, and food and beverage venues. Situated nearby, the Saraçoğlu Neighborhood, recently revitalized through an urban transformation project, occupies a central position with convenient access to public transportation connecting different parts of the city. The area lies in proximity to the Kızılay Shopping Mall, a defining feature of Kızılay Square, and Güvenpark, one of Ankara’s key public open spaces.

Constructed in 1946, the Saraçoğlu Neighborhood holds historical significance as Turkey’s first public housing project. Built on an 82,000-square-meter site that once accommodated civil servants and their families, the neighborhood was revitalized through the Saraçoğlu Protection, Renovation, and Preservation Project. This recent initiative introduced social amenities designed to serve people from diverse social backgrounds, while integrating green and blue elements that enhance environmental quality and public well-being.¹⁹

Architecturally, Saraçoğlu Neighborhood reflects the principles of the Second National Architectural Movement and embodies Paul Bonatz’s lifelong pursuit of balancing tradition and modernity. Bonatz’s design approach extended beyond residential buildings to include schools, social centers, and recreational facilities—elements that together aimed to foster a cohesive and vibrant community life.²⁰

Within the neighborhood’s transformation, some buildings have been repurposed into private, fee-based venues such as cafés and restaurants, while open recreation areas – including parks and playgrounds for children – provide opportunities for residents to enjoy the space freely and without cost.

The historic Saraçoğlu Neighborhood is now characterized by a concentration of coffee-concept cafés, many of which have been intentionally designed as new-generation workspaces. These venues allow individuals to enjoy food and beverages while studying or working in a comfortable, flexible environment. In the image below, the locations of these cafés within the neighborhood are highlighted in yellow.

Sample Area

Within the Saraçoğlu Neighborhood, there are 11 coffee-concept cafés in total. This research focused on six of these cafés, selected based on specific criteria: active use of their upper floors as workspaces and the willing cooperation of staff during observation and photography. Accordingly, six cafés with seating capacities ranging from 98 to 382 people (Table 1) were included in the study sample and were alphabetically labeled as Café a, Café b, Café c, Café d, Café e, and Café f. Two cafés were excluded from the analysis: one due to the periodic closure of its upper-floor workspace, and the other because of its close similarity to one of the selected cafés.

Methodology

This study employed an observational research method to examine how coffee-concept cafés, as examples of new-generation workspaces, function as effective environments for working. To define the study boundaries, the Saraçoğlu Neighborhood in Ankara was visited in August 2025. During this initial field visit, all publicly accessible food and beverage venues within the area were identified, mapped, and categorized according to their functions and spatial locations. Preliminary observations were then conducted in the coffee-concept cafés, providing the first set of spatial data.

Following a one-day interval, a second round of observations was carried out in six selected cafés. Extended periods were spent in each venue to better understand the user profile and patterns of space utilization.

One week later, a third observation phase was undertaken. During this stage, the researcher revisited the cafés, engaging with users who were actively utilizing the workspaces. Through informal conversations, verbal data were collected to complement and refine the earlier findings. This additional information provided first-hand insights into user demographics, behavioral patterns, and the duration of workspace use, further clarifying results obtained during the initial observations.

Criteria

In this study, six coffee-concept cafés within the Saraçoğlu Neighborhood were analyzed using an observational framework that considered their general, design, and functional characteristics. The data obtained through field observations were interpreted in relation to specific spatial requirements, evaluating how these cafés align with principles of human-centered design.

General characteristics were examined in terms of capacity (number of users), user profile, types of activities, time spent in the space, security measures, and spatial connectivity with adjacent recreation areas.

Design characteristics focused on the workspace areas located on the first floors of the cafés and analyzed the use of color, materials, biophilic elements, and lighting quality.

Functional characteristics were assessed based on the degree of spatial isolation, accommodation for both group and individual work, the presence of silence conducive to concentration, the availability of bookshelves or reading materials, and the provision of power outlets and Wi-Fi access.

To evaluate the cafés’ alignment with basic spatial requirements, each case was analyzed through Augustin’s six core spatial needs: control, attachment, restoration, activity support, familiarity, and communication.¹ These dimensions were assessed through a set of guiding questions derived from the “Human Needs” framework, as follows:

• Control: Do users have sufficient opportunities to choose among different working environments and exercise a sense of spatial autonomy?
• Attachment: Does the space contain personal or cultural elements that foster emotional connection and a sense of belonging?
• Restoration: Are there visible green plants or other natural elements such as trees or water that support cognitive restoration?
• Activity Support: Are there designated work areas that enable concentration? Is the acoustic and lighting environment suitable for focused tasks?
• Familiarity: Does the spatial scale and design convey a sense of comfort and recognizability while maintaining subtle variation?
• Communication: Does the spatial layout allow users to express social behaviors—such as maintaining preferred interpersonal distances—comfortably and naturally?

Findings and Discussion

The findings derived from observations of general, design, and functional characteristics are presented in Tables 1, 2, and 3, while the data evaluated according to spatial requirements for human-centered design are summarized in Table 4.

Table 1. Saraçoğlu – General features of new generation workspaces

Observations revealed that the garden seating areas of the six cafés facing the recreation zone were generally crowded and highly active. In contrast, several cafés also featured street-facing seating areas that provided a quieter and more tranquil atmosphere, though with smaller seating capacities. Operating from early morning until late evening, these cafés attract users both for social interaction and for work-related activities.

Table 2. Saraçoğlu – Design features in new generation workspaces

An examination of the interior color schemes reveals that light tones, particularly light gray and white, are predominant across most cafés. However, Café b features accent walls in green and dark gray, introducing greater visual contrast. Distinct wall treatments were also observed: Café a incorporates black metal vertical elements as decorative features; Cafés b and c utilize red-toned brick cladding that adds warmth and texture; and both Café b and f display colorful wall illustrations, enhancing spatial character. In Café f, the walls are further animated by motivational illuminated signs and artificial greenery applied to vertical surfaces. In contrast, Café c maintains a minimal aesthetic, with only simple wooden detailing, while Café e integrates geometric decorative objects in tones consistent with its overall design concept.

Across all cafés, gray ceramic tiles are the predominant flooring material, occasionally complemented by wood-effect ceramic finishes.

Wood is the most common material used for furniture, particularly in tables, while fabric and leather upholstery dominate the seating areas. The furniture palette includes a variety of wood tones, alongside black and gray as secondary hues. Depending on the interior concept, accent colors such as white, claret, green, blue, yellow, and orange appear in smaller decorative elements. Among these, Café f stands out with its relatively dominant use of white, creating a bright and spacious atmosphere.

Table 3. Saraçoğlu – Functional features in new generation workspaces 

From a functional perspective, two of the cafés were found to offer isolated work areas suitable for focused individual use. Of these, Café e provides access to its workspace on a paid basis, while Café f offers a completely free working environment (Image 6). Additionally, three of the six cafés include large communal tables designed to accommodate group work or meetings (Image 7).

A music-free environment, which supports concentration and focused work, was observed in the designated work areas of four cafés. Several cafés also provide reading materials, such as magazines or documents, for customers to browse during their stay. In nearly all cases, power outlets for laptops and mobile devices were adequately available throughout the workspace. However, in one café, the Wi-Fi connection was found to be unstable, limiting its suitability for work-related activities.

The cafés’ general, design, and functional characteristics were subsequently evaluated through the lens of basic spatial requirements, encompassing control, attachment, restoration, activity support, familiarity, and communication (Table 4).

 Tablo 4. Saraçoğlu – Spatial requirement elements in workspaces

Control

In evaluating the work areas in terms of spatial control, Café f stands out for offering customized seating zones separated by glass partitions, providing users with a clear sense of privacy and autonomy. Although the number of isolated seating options is limited, this configuration effectively enhances users’ perceived control over their environment.

Similarly, Café e includes a paid meeting room, available for booking in two-, four-, or full-day intervals. However, the lack of additional private areas and the fee-based access limit its alignment with the principle of comfortable control. The remaining cafés also fall short in this respect, as they do not provide alternative environments that allow users to experience spatial isolation or choice within the workspace.

Attachment

Among the cafés studied, Café f and Café b stand out for their use of vibrant colors and visual elements that reference both human and natural themes. Such design features give these interiors a distinctive character, likely to leave a lasting impression on visitors’ visual memory and foster a sense of emotional attachment to the space. However, the depth and nature of this attachment in such preferred work environments can vary significantly, depending on users’ personal histories, cultural backgrounds, personality traits, and previous spatial experiences.

Restoration

When evaluated in terms of cognitive restoration, four of the six cafés were found to include green elements. However, while these features may initially appear biophilic, spaces that rely primarily on artificial plants tend to offer limited restorative benefits. This may stem from the businesses’ preference to reduce maintenance costs and labor associated with live vegetation.

It was also observed that many users who visit these cafés for social purposes prefer spending time in the garden areas, which feature abundant natural greenery. Given the well-documented positive effects of open and green spaces on human health and well-being,^21,22 this behavior aligns with broader research on the restorative impact of nature in urban environments.

Activity Support

In terms of activity compatibility, Café f stands out for offering free, isolated workspaces that support focused individual work. Although Café e provides a similar level of isolation, its paid access model limits its inclusivity. Its lockable meeting room, however, enables more professional meetings and collaborative work, making it a valuable option within the city center.

Additionally, Cafés b, c, e, and f, all located on upper floors above entrance level, demonstrate strong compatibility with work-related activities due to their music-free environments, which support concentration. In contrast, Café d, characterized by high music volume in its workspace, performs poorly for cognitively demanding tasks. Café a also shows reduced compatibility for such activities, though to a lesser extent than Café d. area.

Familiarity

All of the cafés examined possess a domestic scale, a characteristic that fosters a sense of familiarity due to their conversion from former residential properties. The interior of Café a, with its nostalgic furnishings, evokes a connection to the past; however, its excessively varied furniture arrangements can be visually distracting and unsupportive of concentration-intensive tasks.

In contrast, Cafés e and f stand out for their restrained color palettes and coherent design language, which create a balanced sense of familiarity while avoiding monotony through dynamic decorative details. Café b, although it also features vivid visual elements, remains comparatively weak in establishing a clear spatial concept due to its inconsistent furniture layout, similar to Café a.

Communication

Spaces should enable individuals to express themselves – both through personal objects and social behaviors – in ways that communicate identity and comfort to others. In temporary or shared environments, such as cafés, an important aspect of this expression involves the ability to control interpersonal distance. From this perspective, it is noteworthy that all of the cafés studied provide work areas that allow users to maintain their preferred level of personal space, a feature evaluated positively within the framework of communication and spatial comfort.

Conclusion

The findings indicate that while these transformed public spaces demonstrate positive qualities in terms of cognitive restoration, activity alignment, familiarity, and interpersonal communication, they remain relatively weak in fostering spatial control and emotional attachment.

The results suggest that transformation projects of this kind should prioritize the creation of distinct and flexible workspace options to enhance users’ sense of control and ownership. The stronger the spatial design reflects user-oriented decisions, the more likely individuals are to develop a sense of belonging and identification with the environment.⁹ Accordingly, cafés that provide users with diverse working opportunities and adaptive spatial configurations tend to be perceived more positively.

In relation to cognitive restoration, a meaningful connection with natural elements is essential. Real vegetation has a far greater impact on human psychophysiology than artificial substitutes.²³ Although each café examined features a garden area associated with the surrounding recreational landscape, these outdoor settings are often characterized by high social activity and noise, which can undermine their restorative potential. Integrating low-maintenance living plants, such as moss or small indoor greenery, into interior designs may therefore strengthen users’ well-being and concentration while maintaining visual connection with nature.

Furthermore, to enhance user satisfaction, functional attributes that support work-related activities should be integrated from the earliest design stages. The careful selection of colors, materials, and spatial layouts in adaptive reuse projects plays a vital role in shaping emotional attachment, familiarity, and communication, ensuring that users can work effectively in a comfortable and engaging environment.

Overall, the findings point to a continuing evolution in urban workspace design. It is foreseeable that in the coming years, many more environments will emerge that embody the principles of the new-generation workspace – flexible, human-centered, and consciously designed to support both productivity and well-being.

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Acknowledgement

The authors would like to express their gratitude toCaribou Coffee, Coffee Lab, Colombia Coffee,Kahve Dünyası, Microlot Coffee, andStraborn Coffee for their kind permission and the cooperation of their staff during the observation and photography process.

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